Fundamentals
of Computer
Expansion of computer :-
C - Commonly
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Particularly
U - Used for
T - Trades
E - Education
R - Research
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic
device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve
and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to
edit or create spreadsheets, presentations and even videos.
In other words,
Computer is electronic
devices which accept the data process it and gives the meaningful output. It
takes input from input device [Keyboard] process it in a predefined manner and
gets the final result in the output device [Monitor] which can be easily
readable by the user.
The
word “Computer” comes from the
word “compute” which means to
calculate so a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device. That
can perform arithmatic operations at very high speed.
Charles
Babbage invented a machine
called Analytical Engine, which is a model of today’s computers. Since he was
the first person who gave us the basic idea of computers, he is known as the ‘father
of computers’.
Characteristics of Computers
1.Speed :- A computer is a very fast device it can perform in a few seconds. The amount entire year if they worked day and night did nothing else. to put in a different manner computer does in one minute what would take a man his life a powerful computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million simple of arithmetic operations per second.
2.Accuracy :- A computer is a very accuracy machine it will do all the work accuracly when data is given it gives 100% correct result.
3.Dligence :- Unlike human beings a computer is free from tiredness lack of concentration etc and hence can work for hours together without creating any error.
4.Storage :- Computer have high storage capability that means it has the capacity to store huge amount of data in its memory some of the storage devices are floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tubes etc.
5.Versatility :- A Computer of performing almost any task provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.
6.N0 I.Q :- Computer can only perform tasks that a user determine what task a computer will perform a computer cannot takes its own decision in this regard.
7.No Feelings :- Computer have no feelings no emotions because they are machine based on our feelings task, knowledge, experience we like, but computer cannot make such judgement on their own.
Applications of computer
Now a days computer are used in many industries, bank, offices, schools, hospital and other departments. A computer may be defined as a device that operates upon information or data. Data can be anything like bio-data of various applications when the computer is used for meeting personal or the marks obtained by the various students in various subjects prepare results are the details [Name, age, sex etc] of various passengers when the computer is emploued for working in airline (or) railway reservation (or) members of different types of application computer for scientific research problem etc.
To speed mailing
To get accurate results
Hospitals to record patients details
For weather for casting
Multimedia and entertainment
Disadvantage of Computers :-
- computers cannot think by its own
- computer don't learn from experience
- without power it can't run.
- Un-employment
Components of Computers :-
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
CPU
Monitor :- Monitor is an output device. It is screen displays the output results monitor is called as visual display unit [VDU]
Keyboard :- Keyboard is an input device it is used to feed the infomation to the computer. It is a set of keys associated in a board for typing purpose normally there are 101, 104, 106, 108, 110 keys.
- Alphabetical keys A to Z
- Numerical keys 0 to 9
- functional keys F1 to F12
- Special keys / Combinational keys
Mouse :- It is a input pointer device, which is used to pointing in the position on screen and also to draw it rides on a small bearing if has one or more buttons on the top.
CPU [Central Processing Unit] :-
CPU is the main part of the computer. It is also called as a brain of the computer (or) Heart of the computer. It process and stores the data which is given by the user through input device and send the processed result to the output device.
ALU [Arithmetic Logic Unit]
CU [Control Unit]
MU [Memory Unit]
ALU :- It performs arithmetic operation / calculating like ( + ) addition ( - ) substraction, ( / ) division etc and Logical Operations like AND, OR , NOT etc.
MU :- It is the main part of the CPU which is used to store the information a sequence of location each having a unique "address memory" is measured in Kilobytes.
1 Byte - 8 Bits [Bit either 1/0]
1024 bytes - 1 KB [Kilo bytes]
1024 KB - 1 MB [Mega bytes]
1024 MB - 1 GB [Giga bytes]
1024 GB - 1 TB [Tera bytes]
1 Bit is a binary digit and can store either one (1) or (0) zero.
CU [Control Unit] :- Control unit suppress and control the all activities of a computer system.
INPUT DEVICES / OUTPUT DEVICES :-
INPUT DEVICE :- The input device is used to accept data from the user and programme to the system. There are many input devices.
1. Key board
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Light pen
5. Joystick
OUTPUT DEVICE :- The output device is used to get the deviced o/p from the system ther are many output devices.
1.Monitor
2.Printer
3. Speaker
Types of Computer
Computer comes in various shapes and sizes. A computer canbe as small as your palm and it can also occupy many rooms of a building the computer that you use at your home it is known as personal computer . Computers also very in terms of data processing speed size and shape.
Personal Computer (PC)
Powerful computer primarily used in an office and home.
eg :- Desktop, laptop, Notebook, palmtop etc..
Main frame computers
The main frame is an industry term for a large computer typically manufactured by a large company such as [IBM] for commercial application and other large scale computing purpose. This type of computer system can be used by 128 users of computers system can be used by 128 sharing made.
Mini Computers
The term mini computer originated in the 1960's when it was realize that many computing tasks do not require an expensive main frame computer byt van be done by a small inexpensive computer.
eg:- Tablet PC which offers additional new features.
Super computer
There are the largest fastest and most expensive computers made so far by definition super computer means a computer having main memory of 256 megabytes working on vector architecture with 64 bit words and performance peak time in the range of 500M flops flops stands for million floating point operation per second.
computer software
This consists of all programs languages and documentation supplied by the computer manufacture.
1) Software :- Software of a computer work on its brain software can defined as a set of programs necessary to carryout opeartions for a specified job. There programs consists of step-by-step instructions telling the computer how to carryout operations for a specific job.
Software can be divided into 2 group
1) System Software
2) Application Software
1) System Software :- This consists of all programs languages and documentation supplied by the computer manufacture this type of software required to use the computer efficiently and conveniently system software programs allows the applications developers to write and develops their own programs. Ex operating [Window 98, Window xp]
2) Application Software :- Any Software which is designed to accomplish a specific task like account typing, drawing, browsing the internet, emailing etc is known as application software. Now a days, various application software are available in market like page maker MS-Word, MS-Excel, Tally, Autocad etc.,
History of Computer
1. ABACUS :- It was the first Mechanical device, developed in 2000 B.C. This was performing calculation like Addition, Subtraction, Abacus was introduced by china and Japan Country people. Today, abacus are often constracted as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beads or stones moved in grooves on sand or on tablets of wood, stone or metal.
2. PASCAL ADDING MACHINE :- This was the Mechanical device, Which was Operated by Metal Wheel dials. This was performing all the arithmetic Operation like +,-,*,/. It was introduced in the year 1642 by French Mathematician called "Blasis Pascal".
3. JACQUARDS CARD OR PUNCHED CARD [1804] :- This device designed as weaving patterns in the fabrics using cards with punched holes. This was the beginning of the concept of punched cards. It was introduced by world's largest company i.e., IBM (International Business Machine Corporation).
4. CHARLES BABBAGE ( ANALYTICAL ENGINE) :- He is the father of computer. He proposed a machine which has the ability to perform all the arithmetic operations for any mathematical problem on date read from punched cards. It consists of memory to store the result, input & output devices. It was developed in the year 1833. He is known as the Father of computer because the device analytical engine has all the necessary parts of today's computer. He is the firs person to give the necessary computer for components and also the shape to the computer. He was a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best, remembered now for originating the concept of a programmable computer.
5. ENIAC (Electronic numerical integrator and calculator):- It was the first electronic computer, it was the largest machine consists of 1800 vacuum tubes &occupies 1500 sq.ft of space, It performs calculation in a day which normally requires 300 days. I had the capacity to do 360 multiplication & 5000 additions per second.
6. UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic computer ) :- It was the world's first commercial data processing machine. It is faster when compare to ENIAC. In the year 1833 the Analytical engine was invented by "Charles Babbage ".
Generations of computer
1st Generation (vacuum Tubes)
Year - 1945-1955
Size - Room size (1500 sq.ft)
components - Vacuum Tubes (1800)
Generating heat -More Heat
Processing speed -Very slow
Example - ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC
2nd Generation (Transistors)
Year 1955-1964
Size components -T.V. Size
Generating Heat -Micro Processor
Processing Speed -No heat (Fan in CPU )
Example -Personal computer
3rd Generation (Microprocessor)
Year -1964-1975
Size -Office Table Size.
Components IC'S(Integrated circuits )
Generating Heat -Less than 2nd generation.
Processing Speed -Faster than 2nd generation
Example IBM 360
4th Generation (Microprocessor)
year -1975-2000
size -T.V.Size
components -Micro processor
generation heat -No Heat (Fan in CPU)
processing speed -Faster than 3rd generation
Example - persona computer
5th Generation ( Artificial Intelligence )
year-2000 -Till now
Size -long note book
Components - Bio's Cell (basic input out put system)
Generation Heat - No Heat
Processing speed -very Fast
Example -Laptop
classification of computer
1.Analog computer : This computer is used for measuring the physical quantities. They process the information physical and continuous in nature and the result is displayed on the monitor. EX: computer used in measurement of temperature, pressure ,speedometer etc.
2.Digital computer: These computers are operates by counting the numbers and letters. This data is called discrete data. EX: These computers are used in cricket score board.
3. Hybrid computer : These computers are the combination of Analog and Digital computers and are integrated EX: These computers are used in Hospitals (ICU).
Types of computers (According to their SPEED and COMPUTING POWER)
Computer can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power.
1. PC (personal computer) : Single user computer system . Moderately powerful microprocessor.
2. Work Station: Single user computer system. Similar to Personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor .
3. Mini computer: Multi-user computer system. Capable for supporting hundreds of user simultaneously.
4. Main Frame : Multi-user computer system. capable of supporting hundreds of user simultaneously. Software technology is different from microcomputer.
5. Super computer : An extremely fast computer which can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
Input Devices
The process of entering data and instruction into the computer system is known as Inputting. The devices used for entering data & instruction are called input devices. The two most commonly used input devices are keyboard &Mouse.
The other input devices are joystick, Light pen , Trackball , Scanner , MICR, OCR, OMR, BCR
Keyboard
keyboard is used to enter data and instruction to the computer. A computer keyboard is quite similar to that of typewriter. But, it has some additional keys which help us in communicating with the computer in a better way.
The different types of keys in computer keyboard are:
- Alpha numeric keys: consist of alphabets and numbers
- arrow and other cursor movement keys (Home, Page up, page down , End ): used to move the cursor around the screen .
- Functional Keys (F1to F12): performs different function in different application
- Text Editing Keys (Backspace, Del, Ins ): are used in combination with other key to perform an action
- Enter: brings the insertion point to the next line.
- LED Status Indicator : indicates the status of Numlock, capslock and scroll lock keys.
- Numeric keypad is designed like a conventional calculator used to input numbers.
- Other Special Keys like Print Screen, Scroll lock etc
A mouse is a handheld pointing device, which helps you to move around your computer screen, select any object and activate commands. The Mouse usually consist of two buttons (Left and Right Button ) and a scroll wheel which is placed in between the buttons.
The left button is the primary button of the mouse as most of the time it is used to select objects and execute commands. The Right mouse button is considered as the secondary button because it is not used very often . The Right mouse button is used for accomplishing special tasks on the screen, such as opening shortcut menus for executing a command .
when you move the mouse, you can see a small moving arrow-this is called the pointer. The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it is positioned on your screen. The pointer can provide data or instructions of the computer for processing. Mouse should be place on a smooth surface so it is always placed on a rubber pad called mouse pad
joystich
When playing racing video game, the user needs to move the vehicle quickly across the screen . Using the arrow keys on the keyboard, is neither convenient nor comfortable for small children. This type of action can be better done with help of joystick.
As you move the stick around its socket, the movements are translated into binary instruction with help of electrical contacts in the base of the the joystick .
Nowadays, the joystick has become a favorite playing tool among kids, especially for playing computer video games.
Light pen
Light pen is a pointing device which is similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube . When light pen's tip is moved over the monitor screen and pen button is pressed , its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal the CPU.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can be moved. Since the whole device is not moved a trackball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball . a button or a square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device which works more like a photo copy machine.It is used when some information is available on a paper and it has to be stored in computer for further manipulation. Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the digital from that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited before they are printed.
MICR (Magnetic Ink Card Reader)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are a large number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable. This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantage of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
OCR (Optical Character Reader)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text, OCR scans text optically character by character converts them into a machine readable code and stores the text on the system memory.
OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.
BCR (Bar Code Readers)
BCR Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labeling goods, numbering the books etc. It may be a hand held scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value which is then fed to the computer.
Central processing Unit (C.P.U)/ System Unit
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it is a rectangular box placed on your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. This most important of these components is the central processing unit(CPU), or Microprocessor, which is also called as " Brain of computer". Another component is Random Access Memory (RAM), Which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on . The information stored in RAM will be erased when the computer is turned off.
Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.
An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs integer arithmetic and logical calculations. The ALU is fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs.
Control Unit
This unit controls all other components of computer. It contains circuit that uses electrical signals to direct entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions. The control unit does not execute program instruction; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so . The control unit communicates with both the Arithmetic Logic Unit and Memory. It acts as a nervous system in our body.
Micro processor
It is a multipurpose programmable device that accepts digital data as input. processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a t most few integrated circuits.
A microprocessor-- also known as a CPU or central processing unit--is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was nit very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do 4 bits at a time . But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chip or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time ). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators.
Memory Unit
Memory is the storage unit, which stores data & instruction. The data and instruction that are entered into the computer system through input units have to be stored inside the computer before actual processing can start . Similarly , the result produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer system before these can be passed onto the output units.
move over the intermediate results produced by the computer must also be preserved for ongoing processing , the storage units or the main/primary storage of a computer system is designed for these purpose.
Computer Memory is of 2 types
- Primary Memory or Main Memory or Memory
- Secondary Memory or Auxiliary Memory
The memory that directly interacts with CPU is called main memory.
Main memory is classified into RAM (Random Access Memory ) & ROM (Read Only Memory )
RAM
- It is also called as read/ write memory
- RAM is volatile memory (memory that loses the contents when the power is interrupted)
- RAM has less storage capacity.
- The name itself says information can only be read from the ROM and it cannot e altered or overwritten .
- ROM is non-volatile.
Most of the programs need to process data, which are larger than the main memory. In such cases the contents of the main memory which are not required immediately by the CPU can be stored away form the main memory and can be brought into main memory whenever the CPU needs them. This kind of memory is called secondary memory. Secondary Memory cannot communicate with the CPU directly
secondary memories are available are available in the form of deices known as secondary storage Devices. EX: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tapes, CD, pen drive etc .
How does a computer store data in its memory?
computer stores all information in 0's and I"s (i.e., using binary number system). A single binary digit, i.e,, a 1 or a 0 is called a bit. A group of eight bits is called a byte.
Unit Description
Bit 1 bit=1 or 0
Byte 1 B= 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1KB= 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1MB =2024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) 1GB=1024 MB
Tetrabyte (TB) 1 TB =1024 GB
Petabyte (PB) 1PB=1024 TB
Hard Disk
Hard Disk is a device used for mass storage of data . The data stored on a hard disk can be retrieved at a very fast speed , being a directly access storage device. It is made of metallic film called patters which is the recording surface. Both the sides of the disk will be coated with magnetic material like ferrous oxide. Since the platters are made up of metal it is also known as Hard Disk. The disk surface comprises several concentric circles called tracks. The greater the number of tracts, the more is the storage capacity of the disk. Each track is divided into small arcs called sectors. The date will be written on each sector by a read/write head.
A disk pack consists of a number of these disks, three or more, mounted about half-an-inch apart from each other on a central shaft which rotates at speed of 2,4000 or more revolutions per minute (rpm), Thus, all the disks of a disk pack move simultaneously in the same direction and at equal speed. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit. We can find different capacity of hard disks like 10 GB, 20 GB,40 GB , 160 GB, 500 GB, 10 GB, 1 TB etc.,
CD and DVD drives
Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front panel of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve ) data from a CD and many CD drives can also write ( record ) data onto CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer. It can store 640 B To 720 MB. The standard storage capacity of CD is 700 MB.
DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can , plus read DVDs, If you have a DVD drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs . DVD can store up to 17 GB standard storage capacity of a DVD is 4.7 MB
Pen drive
It is an external storage device, in which we can store the information from 256 MB to 1 , which can connected to USB ports in the CPU.
Output Devices
output devices are used to display the result to the user. The main output devices are Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Headphones and Projector. Following are few of the important output devices which are used in computer systems
Monitor
A monitor display information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor ta\hat displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen, can show still or moving pictures, text. The display resolution or display modes of a computer monitor or display device is measured by pixel . A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic that can be displayed and represented on a digital image, video, text or any visible thing on a computer display. A pixel is also known as a picture element .
There are three basic types of monitors :
CRT (cathode Ray Tube ) Monitors,
LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)Monitors and
LED (Light Emitting Device) Monitors.
CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable but occupies more space and power . LCD and LED monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter and they consume less power.
Printer
A Printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail , cards , invitations , announcements , and other ,material . many people also like being able to print their own photos at home . Print quality refers to the quality of the hard copy or printout produced by a printer. It is measured in DPI (Dots per Inch). For printing text 300dpi is standared, sometimes 150 is acceptable but never lower than that. For images 300 dpi is standard, sometimes 150 is acceptable but never lower than that. for images 300dpi is considered minimum .Higher the dpi , quality of the image will be good .
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a. Impact Printer : These printers are made up of electro mechanical mechanical mechanism .In this printer needles or hummers were used to get the printout. Theses printers are slow printers . there are two types in Impact printer.
- Character printer : Character printer prints character by character at a time .It is also known as serial printer . EX: dot matrix , daisy wheel .
- Line printer : This printer prints line by line . EX:drum printer , chain printer .
b. Non Impact Printer : These are the printers made up of Electronic Mechanism in which Thermal rays are used to get the printout . These printers are fast printers .
- Page printer : This printer prints page by page . Ex: Laser Printer , Inkjet printer
The two main types of printers are INKjet printers and laser printers . Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for use at home . They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper . laser Printer are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.
Speakers
Speakers are used to play sound .They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables . Speakers allow you to listen to music .
Headphones
Headphones give a sound output from the computer . they are similar to speakers expect that they are worn on the ears , so that only one person can hear the output at a time .
Projectors
projector is an output device with which a text or an image is projected onto a flat screen . A projector is often used in meetings or to make presentations . It allows the display to be visible to many people .
Note: A soft copy is a document in a digital form , one that doesn't exist in physical form or on paper , but is instead stored in any device . A hard copy is any information that is printed on paper . A hard copy can be created using a printer . By using printer we can convert soft copy into hard copy and by using scanner we can convert hard copy into soft copy .
HARDWARE, SOFTWARE & FIRMWARE
Hardware
All physical components of a computer that can be touched or felt are called Hardware. The electronic circuits and mechanical components such as hard disk , printer, CPU , monitor , keyboard and mouse are hardware . hardware devices are very important but they are useless without the instructions that control them .
Software
software is a collection of computer programs that provide instructions to the computer to perform specific tasks . These programs are planned step -by - step set of instructions that direct the computer what to do and how to do .
There are 3 types of software : system software , Application softwa and utility softwre.
system software
the system software acts as a bridge between user and computer hardware.This kind of software solves issues related to the running of the computer system correctly. Operating System (OS) is the best example of system software which manages the computer and the computer and the devices connected to it.Example of OS: DOS,Windows, Linux, Macintosh, Android, Mac OS X etc. Other example of system software are language processor / Translator (compiler, interpreter, assembler)
Application software
This type of software is used to perform a specific task on the computer. It helps the users to complete their tasks faster and in an efficient manner. Application software is mainly of two types.
Packages and Customized software
Packages
There are some general purpose software developed for users to perform specific tasks based on their requirements. such software are called packages. some packages used on computer are as follows:
- Word processing software: It is used to process text to create organized documents. Ex: MS Word, open office, Writer.
- Electronic spreadsheets: They help in doing accounting and financial tasks. Ex: MS Excel, Lotus 123, open office Calc, etc.
- Presentation Graphics Software: It is used to create presentations by including text, graphics, animations, sound, video, etc. Ex: MS Power point, open office impress etc.
- Database Management system (DBMS) : it is used to handle large amounts of data stored in a database. Ex: Microsoft Access, Oracle etc
customized software
Customized software is made as per the specific requirements of an organization. The user can specify what all he requires from the software and software is built to accomplish the specific tasks. this is also known as Tailor-made software. For example, software made for Library Management system would be different from that of an Airline Reservation System.
Utility Software
This kind of software is related to the fine-tuning and management of the operating system, computer hardware or Application software. Utility Software usually deals with a number of small tasks. it helps to keep your system in good condition by eliminating errors. Some Utility software come with Windows and are available in the system Tools of Accessories. some of the popular utilities are as follows.
- Backup Utility : It allows you to take the backup copy of data of information on the disk.
- Antivirus : It scans for computer viruses.
- Data Compression : It compresses the contents of a disk.
- Network Utilities : It analyses the computer's network connectivity.
- File Manager : it provides a way to perform different operations such as moving, copying, merging, deleting, renaming data files.
- Disk management : It includes the operations like disk cleaners, checkers, disk formatting etc.
- Low Level Language
- High Level Language.
a. Machine Level Language: The program written using 0's and 1's (Binary Codes) are called Machine level Language. This is the language which the computer understands. It was used by first generation computer technicians who designed the computer.
Advantages :
- Programs run very faster and saves time.
- it is machine dependent language.
- Difficult to write the program and difficult to check the errors and modify.
- Easy to understand when compared to Machine Level Language.
- Easy to check and modify the errors when compared with Machine Level Language.
- It is machine dependent.
- It needs translators to convert codes.
- It is machine independent.
- Easy to learn.
- Easy to check errors and modify.
- It needs translators to convert high level language into machine level language.
- Assemblers: This is a translator that converts assembly level coding to machine level coding.
- Compiler: This is a translator which converts a high level language program into its equivalent machine level language and creates an object file.
- Interpreter: This is a translator that reads high level code line by line, converts it into machine level code and executes the command. An object file is not created.
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